Tobacco Monopoly in the Philippines (English and Tagalog)

Tobacco monopoly|Jose Basco|Philippine History

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Background
The Philippines was colonized by Spain for more than 300 years starting in the latter part of the 16th century and lasted until 1898. Early on, the Spanish authorities showed little interest in the economic development of the archipelago such that expenses in maintaining the colony have to be subsidized by Mexico, another colony of Spain. When Jose Basco was appointed to become the governor-general of the Philippines in 1778, he sought to reverse the situation and make the Philippines financially self-sufficient. He went on to formulate a plan to develop the natural resources of the Philippines.

Tobacco Monopoly
Among the policies in the “general economic plan” of Jose Basco was the tobacco monopoly which went into effect on March 1, 1782 after it was approved by the King of Spain. At that time, both the locals and foreigners were addicted to smoking and he thought the tobacco plant could be a great money-maker. He selected several provinces in north and central Luzon Island to be the centers for tobacco production. Among these provinces were Ilocos, Cagayan, and the areas covered by the present province of Nueva Ecija. The island of Marinduque was also included in the plan.

The government regulated the quantity to be produced and determined the price to be paid to the farmers. The export and import of the leaf as well as the manufacture of cigars and cigarette were monopolized by the colonial government.

Although Jose Basco was removed removed from office in 1787, tobacco monopoly remained in force until its abolition in 1881, a hundred years after its first implementation.

Monopolyo Sa Tabako
Pasimula (Background):
Ang Pilipinas ay sinakop ng mga Kastila sa loob ng mahigit 300 daang taon. Sa umpisa ng kanilang panunungkulan, hindi nila inatupag ang pagpapaunlad ng bansa kung kaya laging kulang ang pondo para sa pangangasiwa. Taon-taun na nagbibigay ang Mehiko (isa rin bansang sinakop ng Espanya) ng karagdagang pondo para sa Pilipinas. Noong si Jose Basco y Vargas ay itinalaga bilang goberndor-heneral ng Pilipinas noong 1778, nagpatupad siya ng ilang reporma sa ekonomiya kabilang na ang pagtatatag ng monopolyo sa tabako.

Monopolyo sa Tabako
Noong Marso 1, 1782, ipinatupad ang Monopolyo sa Tabako pagkatapos maapprubahan ng Hari ng Espanya. Pumili siya ng ilang lalawigan upang maging pangunahing taniman ng tabako. Kabilang dito ang mga lalawigan sa hilaga and gitnang Luzon tulad ng Ilocos, Cagayan, Isabela at Nueva Ecija. Ang isla ng Marinduque ay nakasama sa pinagtaniman ng halamang ito.

Mahigpit na kinontrol ng pamahalaan ang pagtatanim, pag-aani, paggawa ng sigarilyo, pagbili at pagbenta (pangangalakal) nito. Mabigat na parusa ang ipinapataw sa sinumang lumabag sa mga alituntunin. kahit ang mga magsasaka ay ipinagbawal na humitit ng sariling gawang sigarilyo.

Ilan sa mga naging epekto ng monopolyo ay ang pagtaas ng kita ng pamahalaan at naging tanyag din ang Pilipinas sa buong mundo bilang pinagmumulan ng tabako. Subalit nagkaroon din masamang epekto nito tulad ng korapsyon. Madalas hindi umaabot sa mga magsasaka ang kanilang bayad dahil ibinubulsa ito ng mga opisyales. Iyong iba namang magsasaka ay binawian ng lupa dahil sa pagkalugi na dulot ng sakuna.

Pagkatapos ng isang daang taong pagpapatupad ng monopolyo, ito ay hininto o pinawalang-bisa noong taong 1881 dahil sa mga masasamang epekto nito na ikinagalit ng marami.

RELATED: Philippine Historical Events in March

See also: Obras Pias in Philippine History

Jose Basco and Tobacco Monopoly
Jose Basco and the Tobacco Monopoly: Photo shows tobacco farms in Ilocos Sur

References
History of the Filipino People by Theodoro Agoncillo and Oscar M. Alfonso copyright 1967
Persee.fr – Retrieved 2-26-2019
philippines.org – Retrieved 2-26-2019

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